Rock and roll music has a rich history that often overlooks the contributions of Black women. Two trailblazers, Big Mama Thornton and Sister Rosetta Tharpe, played pivotal roles in shaping the genre. Willie Mae “Big Mama” Thornton, a larger-than-life figure, recorded the iconic hit “Hound Dog” in 1952. However, it wasn’t until 1953 that the song gained widespread attention. With its swampy and bluesy guitar lines, “Hound Dog” climbed the charts and spent seven weeks at No. 1 in the rhythm and blues genre.
During the 1950s, rock and roll was primarily known as rhythm and blues, created by African American musicians for African American listeners. However, it caught the attention of white audiences, particularly teenagers, and began to grow in popularity. DJs like Alan Freed popularized the term “rock and roll” to describe this new music. The genre categories created a sense of community but also excluded African Americans from the narrative.
Big Mama Thornton’s sound was undeniably rock and roll, with her powerful vocals and improvisation. She broke barriers with her dress, demeanor, and refusal to conform to societal expectations. Thornton’s influence extended to Texas native Janis Joplin, who was inspired by Thornton’s song “Ball and Chain.” Joplin’s cover version of the song propelled Thornton back into the spotlight, giving her the recognition she deserved.
In Houston, Big Mama Thornton was signed to Don Robey’s Peacock Records, a Black-owned record label. Robey was a pioneering figure in the music industry, opening the Bronze Peacock nightclub and providing opportunities for talented artists who might have otherwise been overlooked. Despite Robey’s success, he had a hot-tempered reputation and was known for stealing songwriting credits from his artists.
Sister Rosetta Tharpe, another influential figure in rock and roll, began her rise to stardom in the late 1930s. Known for her guitar skills and powerful voice, Tharpe’s innovative playing style influenced legendary musicians such as Chuck Berry, Little Richard, and Elvis. She was one of the first to use distortion and electric guitar, creating a sound that would shape the future of rock music.
Tharpe’s impact was recognized when she was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 2018. Her legacy lives on, inspiring artists like six-time Grammy-nominated singer Yola, who credits Tharpe for her own guitar playing and breaking down stereotypes. Black women have always been integral to the development of rock and roll, shaping the genre with their talent and contributions.
In 2024, Big Mama Thornton will join Sister Rosetta Tharpe as an early influence inductee into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. This recognition is long overdue for these trailblazing women who paved the way for future generations of musicians. Their stories highlight the importance of acknowledging the talent and impact of Black women in rock and roll history.
