Head and neck cancers have been found to be three to five times more likely in individuals who use marijuana daily for an extended period, according to a new study. The study, which analyzed millions of medical records, revealed that those with cannabis use disorder had a significantly higher risk of developing head and neck cancers compared to non-users. Cannabis use disorder is diagnosed when a person exhibits symptoms such as cravings, tolerance, using more than intended, using despite negative consequences, using in risky situations, experiencing withdrawal, and being unable to quit.
The study did not differentiate between methods of cannabis consumption, but the most common method is smoking. This suggests that the association between marijuana use and head and neck cancers is primarily related to smoked cannabis. Smoking marijuana, like tobacco, has been linked to an increased risk of developing head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, the most common type of head and neck cancer. Smoking tobacco doubles this risk, and heavier tobacco use combined with alcohol consumption further increases the risk. The deep inhalation and holding of marijuana smoke in the lungs and throat may heighten the risk even more.
Another factor that may contribute to the development of head and neck cancers is the presence of various cannabinoids in marijuana. Research has shown a link between cannabinoids and tumor growth. There are over 100 cannabinoids in the cannabis plant, and these compounds bind to cannabinoid receptors in the human body. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive compound in marijuana, has been found to accelerate tumor growth. Additionally, cannabinoids have been shown to enhance the growth of HPV-related throat cancers.
Head and neck cancers account for 4% of all cancers in the United States, with tobacco use and alcohol consumption being the most common causes. Other risk factors include poor oral hygiene, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), a weakened immune system, and a diet low in fruits and vegetables. Occupational risk factors include exposure to asbestos and wood dust. In recent years, there has been a rise in head and neck cancers caused by infections with the human papillomavirus (HPV) and the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). The combination of these two viruses is responsible for 38% of all virus-associated cancers.
The study used a large database of electronic health records, which allowed for a comprehensive analysis of the association between cannabis use disorder and head and neck cancers. The findings held true across all age groups. It is important to note that the study did not find an association between occasional recreational use of marijuana and head and neck cancers.
As marijuana use continues to increase, there is concern that the number of head and neck cancer diagnoses will also rise. This is particularly concerning as marijuana becomes more widely legalized and socially accepted. Therefore, it is crucial to educate people about the potential risks of cannabis use and conduct further research to understand the long-term impacts on cancer development.
